ybhxz 的个人博客

1. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The university is a leading research university in the U.S. For more information, please visit its homepage at http://www.uiuc.edu.

 2. exercise science
The web page at http://www.mmu.ac.uk/c-a/exspsci provides extensive links to all sorts of online information about exercise and sport science.

 3. Arizona State University
Arizona State University is a major research university located in Phoenix, the economic, cultural, and governmental center of Arizona. For more information about the university, please visit its homepage at http://www.asu.edu.

 4. nerve cells
The body is made up of billions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called neurons, are specialized to carry “messages” through an electrochemical process. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons. To learn more about neurons please see http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cells.html.

Reading Skills
Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions
    As we learned in Unit 2, Book 1 and Unit 8, Book 2, developing the ability to read in a critical way involves the ability to distinguish between facts on the one hand and the writer’s opinions or interpretations on the other.
It isn’t always easy to separate fact from opinion, of course, for writers may combine fact and opinion in a way that makes it hard to tell where the facts end and the opinions begin — or they may present opinions as if they were facts. The biggest difficulty in distinguishing fact from opinion, though, may arise when you agree with the writer’s opinion: When we believe something very strongly, it’s easy to mistake our opinions for facts! So critical reading involves careful examination of our own beliefs as well as the author’s.
Here are two examples from Passage A in this unit that may illustrate how to read in a critical way to distinguish between facts and the writer’s opinions.

Example 1
    Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies.
    This is a fact as it is a sentence simply about sport medicine experts’ observation.

Example 2
    Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms.
   This is an opinion as the word “can” in the sentence indicates the writer’s attitude towards the matter being talked about.

 Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions
    Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case. A fact can be proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. Here are some examples from Passage A.

Example 1
    “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
This is a fact as the sentence is simply a quotation from Lyle.

Example 2
    In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise performance is severely compromised. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
This is a fact as the sentence reports how people feel in the final stage.

Example 3
    “Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label,” writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. (Para. 11, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
    This is a fact. Please note that this is a case where a writer may present an opinion as if it were a fact. We say it is a fact because the sentence is a piece of quotation. However, one can argue that it is an opinion, because of the fact that the quoted part is an imperative sentence and that the writer is quoting it simply to express his own view, not just to report an idea of other people.

    Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Solid opinions, of course, are based on facts. However, opinions are still somebody’s view of something and are not facts themselves. Here are some examples from Passage A.

Example 1
    Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
This is an opinion as the word “may” in the sentence shows the writer’s attitude towards the matter being talked about.

Example 2
    If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
    This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer.

Example 3
    In general, it’s better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. (Para. 10, Reading Passage A, Unit 2)
    This is an opinion. The phrase “in general” and the structure “it’s better to…” imply that the sentence is an opinion from the writer.

succession    
 
n. 1.[C] a number of things or people coming one after the other in time or order; series
一连串的事物，一系列
Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners.
生活只不过是一连串不停的聚会和宴会。
The long succession of wet days wore us out.
长时间接连不断的阴雨天使我们很厌烦。
2. [U] the coming of one thing or person after another in time or order
连续，接续
His words came out in quick succession.
他的话连珠炮似地说了出来。
This is the seventh year in succession that they've won the cup.
这是他们连续第七年获得该奖杯。
3. [U] (the right of) succeeding to a title, property, etc.
继任(权)，继承(权)
His succession as headmaster was not in any doubt.
他继任校长是确定无疑的。
His succession to the party leadership is still under discussion.
他继任党的领袖这件事还在讨论之中。
 

 imply    
 
vt. suggest (sth.) indirectly rather than state it directly
暗示，暗指
His silence implied agreement.
他的沉默不语暗示了同意。
I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
我并不是在暗示你的烹饪技术如何，但我们今晚能去外面吃吗？
 

 rat    
 
n. [C] a long-tailed animal related to but larger than the mouse
鼠，大老鼠
Rats carry diseases.
老鼠传染疾病。
Some writers imagine that rats would one day take over our world.
一些作家幻想老鼠有一天会统治这个世界。
 

 primary    
 
a. 1. most important
首要的，基本的，主要的
The primary reason for advertising is to sell more goods.
作广告的首要原因就是要售出更多的商品。
The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.
犯法的人应当负主要责任。
2. earliest in time or order of development
最初的，最早的
The disease is still in its primary stage.
该病仍处于初期。
In the primary stages of their civilization, they had no metal tools.
在他们文明的最初阶段没有金属工具。
 

 vigorous    
 
a. strong, active or full of energy
强壮的，有力的，精力充沛的
Cutting the bush back in the autumn will help promote vigorous growth in the spring.
在秋天剪短灌木有助于它在春天茁壮成长。
She is a vigorous supporter of human rights.
她是人薄雾浓云愁永昼权运动的积极支持者。
 

 formation    
 
n. 1. [U] the organizing and developing (of sth.)
组成，形成
He had played a major role in the formation of the United States.
在美国创建过程中，他发挥了重大作用。
School life has a great influence on the formation of a child's character.
学校生活对儿童性格的形成具有很大的影响。
2. [C] a thing that is formed, esp. in a particular way
形成物，结构
He is studying the rock formations.
他正在研究岩石的结构。
3. [U, C] a particular arrangement or pattern
排列，队形
Football players line up in various formations for their plays.
足球队员组成各种阵式踢球。
The soldiers are marching in a perfect formation.
士兵们正以整齐的队形行进。
 

 proposal    
 
n. 1. [C] a suggestion
建议，计划，方案
Have you read Steve's proposal for the new project?
你读了斯蒂夫对新项目的建议吗？
The government put forward a proposal to improve public transportation.
政府提出了一项改善公共运输的方案。
2. [C] an offer of marriage
求婚
She refused his proposal of marriage.
她拒绝了他的求婚。
She told me that the second proposal of marriage she received came from an Italian prince.
她告诉我第二个向她求婚的是一位意大利王子。
 

 laboratory    
 
n. [C] (often shortened to lab) a room or building used for (esp. scientific) research, experiments, testing, etc.
实验室
The study took place under laboratory conditions.
研究在实验室进行。
The new product has been developed in the firm's research laboratory.
新产品在公司的研究室里研制出来了。
 

 complicated    
 
a. difficult to understand or explain because there are many different parts
复杂的，难以理解或解释的
The relationship is a bit complicated. He's my mother's cousin's daughter's child.
这种关系有一点复杂。他是我母亲的表姐的女儿的孩子。
The rules are rather complicated to follow.
这些规则执行起来挺复杂。
 

 obstacle    
 
n. [C] sth. that stops a movement or an action or makes it more difficult
障碍（物）
At last they overcame all the obstacles and their firm was very successful.
最后，他们克服了所有的障碍，公司做得十分成功。
They tried to put obstacles in the way of our marriage.
他们试图阻挠我们结婚。
 

 exhibit    
 
vt. 1. show that one possesses (a feeling, quality, etc.)
显示，显出
He exhibited great self-control for her rudeness.
对她的粗鲁，他显示了很强的自控能力。
Our men exhibited great bravery in the battle.
我们的战士在战斗中表现得非常勇敢。
2. show or display for the public
陈列，展览
He hopes to exhibit his paintings before the public in New York.
他希望在纽约公开展出他的绘画。
The new model cars are exhibited.
新型汽车正在展出。
 
n. [C] an object displayed for the public
展览品，陈列品
The museum has some interesting new exhibits from India.
这家博物馆有一些来自印度的有趣的新展品。
Please do not touch the exhibits.
请勿触摸展品。
 

 possess    
 
vt. have or own (sth.), or have (sth.) as a particular quality
拥有，具有
The country possesses rich mineral deposits.
这个国家拥有丰富的矿藏。
She possesses a beautiful singing voice.
她有美妙动听的歌喉。
 

 density    
 
n. [C, U] the quality of being crowded
密集；密度
Australia has a very low population density.
澳大利亚人口密度很低。
The density of the fog (雾) made it difficult to see where we were going.
浓雾使我们很难看清前方的路。
 

 multiply    
 
v. 1. increase greatly in number
（使）增加，（使）繁殖
When animals have more food, they generally multiply faster.
动物在食物增多的情况下一般会繁殖得很快。
In a few months the army had multiplied ten times.
几个月内，队伍壮大了十倍。
2. add (a number) to itself a particular number of times
乘
If you multiply 7 by 15 you get 105.
如果你以15乘7，结果是105。
 

 boost    
 
vt. improve or increase
改善，提高，增强，推动
The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting the price of tickets.
剧院设法通过降低票价增加了观众。
The new technology will boost food production.
这种新工艺将会提高食品产量。
 
n. (sing.) increase; help; encouragement
增加；帮助；鼓舞
Passing my driving test gave me a boost to my confidence.
通过驾驶考试令我自信心大增。
The recent wage increase will force a price boost.
最近工资的提高将会促使物价上涨。
 

 logical    
 
a. correctly reasoned
合乎逻辑的，条理分明的
Computers "think" in a much more logical way than human beings.
电脑比人类的思维更符合逻辑。
Spelling is much less important than the ability to make a logical argument.
拼写远远不如进行逻辑论证的能力重要。
 

 inference    
 
n. 1. [C] a conclusion
推断的结果，结论
She'd begun spending a lot of money, and the obvious inference was that she'd stolen it.
她开始大量花钱，显而易见的结论是那钱是她偷来的。
His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had persuaded him.
他最近突然改变主意，估计有人说服了他。
2. [U] the process of concluding sth.
推论，推断，推知
If he is guilty then by inference so is she.
如果他有罪，那么根据推断，她也有罪。
Our conclusions were arrived at by inference, not by direct evidence.
我们的结论是推断出来的，而不是靠直接的证据。
 

 primarily    
 
ad. mainly
首先，主要地，基本地
The purpose of this program is primarily educational.
节目的目的主要是教育性。
Soccer (英式足球) is primarily a winter game.
英式足球主要是冬季运动。
 

 measurement    
 
n. 1. [U, C] the act or process of measuring
测量，衡量
The test is based on the measurement of blood levels.
这个化验是以测量血液浓度为基础的。
The measurement of individual intelligence is very difficult.
测量一个人的智力很困难。
2. (pl.) sizes, length, etc. found by measuring
（量得的）尺寸，大小
The measurements of the room are 20 feet by 15 feet.
这房间长20英尺，宽15英尺。
Ask the sales assistant to take your measurements.
让售货员给你量一下尺寸。
 

 corresponding    
 
a. matching; not contradicting
相应的，对应的
Imports (进口) in the first three months have increased by 10 percent compared with the corresponding period last year.
前三个月的进口额和去年同期相比增长了10%。
As the course becomes more difficult, there's usually a corresponding drop of the number of students.
随着课程逐渐变难，上课的学生人数也相应减少了。
 

 stem    
 
vi. develop or grow from
源于，由... ...造成
Her problems stem from her difficult childhood.
她的问题源自她困苦的童年。
These practices stem from the traditional Chinese medicine.
这些做法源自传统中医学。
 
n. [C] the main central part of a plant, bush or tree coming up from the roots, from which the leaves or flowers grow
（植物、灌木或树木的）茎，干
A lot of the stems of the flowers in the garden were broken by the strong wind.
花园中的许多花被强风刮断了茎梗。
Cut a bit off the bottom of the stems before you put the roses in water.
在将玫瑰插入水以前，先把茎的底部修去一点。
 

 speculate    
 
v. 1. form opinions about sth. without having the necessary facts or information; make guesses
推测，推断
I don't really know what happened — I'm just speculating.
我不清楚到底发生了什么—— 我只是推测而已。
I wouldn't like to speculate how much that car must have cost him.
我不想猜想他花了多少钱买那辆车。
2. buy and sell in the hope that the value of what one buys will increase and that it can then be sold at a higher price in order to make a profit
投机买卖
People who speculate have to be prepared to take the risk of losing money.
做投机买卖的人对亏损的风险得有所准备。
He made his money speculating on the London gold and silver markets.
他在伦敦黄金市场和白银市场上进行投机买卖。
 

 reduction    
 
n. 1. [U] reducing or being reduced
减少，减低，减缩
His advice about tight cash management and cost reduction has been noted.
他关于紧缩银根降低成本的建议引起了人们的关注。
These problems stem from the reduction of the railway network in the 1960's.
这些问题起因于20世纪60年代铁路网的缩小。
2. [C] an instance of reducing
减少，减低，缩小
There are huge reductions in many shops during the summer sales.
夏季销售中很多商店都大减价。
Last week, the airline cut its overseas service by half because of a sharp reduction in traffic.
因乘客大量减少，上星期这家航空公司减掉了一半的海外航班。
 

 penalty    
 
n. [C] the punishment for doing sth. that is against a law
处罚，惩罚；罚金
The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.
该法令的刑罚为3年以内监禁。
The penalty for not working hard will be failing the exams.
对不努力学习的惩罚是考试不及格。
 

 neglect    
 
vt. 1. give no or not enough care or attention to (sb./sth.)
忽视，忽略
He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
他对那只可怜的狗漠不关心，从不带它散步，也不看它一眼。
I'm afraid I've rather neglected the house this week so it's a bit of a mess.
我想这星期我忘了整理屋子，它显得有点乱。
2. fail or forget to do (sth.), esp. carelessly
遗忘
I'd neglected to tell him that I wouldn't be home that night and he hadn't slept for worrying.
我忘了告诉他那天夜里我不在家，他因担心而睡不着。
Don't neglect to lock the door when you leave.
离开时别忘了锁门。
 
n. [U] neglecting or being neglected
疏忽，忽略
She was criticized for neglect of duty.
她因玩忽职守而受到批评。
It was the mother's neglect of her baby that caused its death.
是母亲的疏忽造成了婴儿的死亡。
 

 maintenance    
 
n. 1. [U] keeping sth. in good condition
维护，保养
There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off.
每架飞机起飞前都经过了彻底的维修检查。
The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs.
该杂志就降低房屋保养费用提出了建议。
2. [U] keeping sth. in existence at the same level
保持，维持
His small farm provides maintenance, but not much more.
他的小农场能使他维持生活，但仅此而已。
Our foreign policy is maintenance of friendly relations with all countries.
我们的对外政策是与所有国家保持友好关系。
 

 academic    
 
a. 1. of (teaching or learning in) schools, colleges, etc.
学术的，学院的
The new academic year begins in September.
新学年从九月份开始。
We must keep high academic standards.
我们必须保持高学术水准。
2. not related to practical effects in real life
纯理论的，不切实际的
The question is purely academic.
这个问题是纯理论的。
Stop worrying about what to wear to her party - it's all academic anyway, because you haven't even been invited yet.
不要为穿什么去参加她的晚会而担心--这都是自想一套，因为你还没有被邀请。
 

 concentrate    
 
v. 1. direct (one's mental powers or efforts) towards a particular activity, subject or problem
集中，集中精神
You should concentrate more on saving money rather than on spending it.
你应该更注意存钱，而不是花钱。
The police are concentrating their search in the area where the missing child was last seen.
警方正集中在这个失踪的小孩最后一次出现的地方进行搜索。
2. bring or come together in one particular area
集中，聚集
Most of the country's population is concentrated in the north.
这个国家的绝大多数人口都集中在北方。
In the dry season, the animals tend to concentrate in the areas where there is water.
动物在干旱的季节里常常聚集在有水的地方。
 

 revise    
 
vt. 1. look again at (sth.) in order to correct or improve it
修正，修改
His behavior today has made me revise my original impression of him.
他今天的行为已使我改变了对他的最初印象。
He was forced to revise his timetable completely.
他被迫彻底修改时间表。
2. study again (sth. already learned), usu. in preparation for an exam
复习，温习
We are revising English for the test tomorrow.
我们正在为明天的测验复习英语。
She still got a very high mark without revising.
没有复习，她仍然取得了很高的分数。
 

 cell     
 
n. [C] the smallest basic unit of a plant or animal
细胞
The biology class studied the structure of a cell.
生物课讲授细胞的结构。
In the picture, you can see clearly each cell.
在图中，你可以清晰地看到每一个细胞。
 

 consequently    
 
ad. as a result
因此，所以
My car broke down and consequently I was late.
我的汽车半路出了毛病，所以来晚了。
I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat during the last few days of the holiday.
我在假期的第一周用掉了大部分的钱，因此最后几天几乎没什么东西吃。
 

 equip    
 
vt. 1. prepare for dealing with a particular situation by education or skills
使有准备
A good education will equip you for life.
良好的教育会使你终身受益。
The course aims to equip people with the skills necessary for a job in this technological age.
该课程的目的是使人们在这个技术时代具备工作所必需的技能。
2. provide with things that are necessary for a particular purpose
配备，装备
It's going to cost 4 million dollars to equip the hospital.
给医院提供装备将需要400万美元。
Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam.
考试时请准备一支削尖的铅笔和一块橡皮。
 

 tackle    
 
vt. 1. deal with or overcome
处理，应付
It's time to tackle my homework.
现在是我该做作业的时候了。
I don't think I can tackle this job until next week.
我想到下星期我才能开始办这件事。
2. speak to (sb.) about a matter
与... ...交涉
When are you going to tackle Bill about that money he owes you?
你打算什么时候跟比尔交涉他欠你的那笔钱?
If she keeps missing school like this you'll have to tackle her parents about it.
如果她继续缺课，你得跟她父母谈谈。
 

 alike    
 
ad. in the same way
一样地，相似地
The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.
这里的天气总是很热，夏天和冬天都一样。
The boss treats us all alike.
老板对我们一视同仁。
 
a. like one another
相同的，相像的
The twins don't look at all alike.
这对双胞胎一点也不像。
They all looked alike to me.
在我看来他们都是一样的。
 

 comment    
 
v. give one's opinion
评论，发表意见
She commented that it was a better play than usual, and I agreed.
她评论说这个剧本比一般的好，我同意她的看法。
Some of the students commented about their teacher's hat.
有一些学生议论他们老师的帽子。
 
n. [C, U] an opinion
评论，意见
Have you any comments to make on the recent developments?
对于最近事态的发展你有什么评论？
She was asked about a pay increase for the factory workers but made no comment.
有人问她关于给工厂工人们涨工资的事，但她没有表态。
 

 beneficial    
 
a. having a helpful or useful effect
有助的，有利的，有益的
A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health.
乡村生活有利于他的健康。
The fall in prices will be beneficial to small business.
物价下跌将对小企业有利。
 

 separate… into    
 
divide… into
将... ...分为
The class was separated into several smaller groups to talk about the subject.
全班学生被分为若干小组讨论这个题目。
The police have separated the two sides' supporters into different parts.
警方把两边的支持者分隔开。
 

 obstacle course    
 
a training course in which runners have to climb over, under or through a series of obstacles; sth. which is difficult to do
越障训练；（喻）困难重重的事
Any attempt to get the money back has to pass through the obstacle course of the British legal system.
任何企图取回钱的人都必须经历英国法律体制造成的重重困难。
 

 go through    
 
finish or complete
完成，通过
We went through our task without any difficulty.
我们毫不费力地完成了任务。
 

 in contrast    
 
as an obvious difference between two or more things
相比之下
Their economy has improved greatly in the last five years, whereas ours, in contrast, has declined.
过去五年中他们的经济增长很快，相比之下，我们反而滑坡了。
In contrast, our use of oil has increased greatly.
相比之下，我们的用油量大大上升了。
 

 apply to    
 
have an effect on
适用于
What I have said applies only to some of you.
我所说的只对你们中的一部分人适用。
This policy is for British citizens — it doesn't apply to you.
那项政策是针对英国公民的--并不适用于你的情况。
 

 focus on    
 
concentrate on
集中于
Tonight's program focuses on the way that broken families affect the young.
今晚的节目集中讨论破碎家庭如何影响年轻一代。
This year our meeting focuses on the question of children's rights.
今年我们会议的重点是儿童权利的问题。
 

 engage (oneself) in    
 
take part in or be occupied in/with
从事，忙于
Is it wise to engage in active sports at your age?
在你这个年纪，积极参加体育活动明智吗？
The old lady engaged herself in making clothes for her neighbors' children.
老太太忙于为邻居的孩子们做衣服。
 

 point to    
 
suggest; indicate
表明；表示
I can't point to any particular reason for it.
就这件事我提不出任何具体的原因来。
One need only point to the increase in violence as an example of the fall in moral values in our time.
只要举出暴力增加这个例子就足以说明我们这个时代道德价值下降了。
 

 William Greenough    
 
威廉·格里诺
 

 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign    
 
伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-尚佩恩分校
 

 Arthur Kramer    
 
阿瑟·克雷默
 

 Daniel M. Landers    
 
丹尼尔·M. 兰德斯
 

 Arizona State University    
 
亚利桑那州立大学
 

 Pierce J. Howard    
 
皮尔斯·J. 霍华德
 

 

Language Points

 Language Point 1    
 
…it may also power up the brain. (Para. 1)
Meaning: … it (exercise) may also provide power for the brain to work better.
“Power”, as used in the text, is a verb. If you look around, you will find many typical nouns can be used as verbs, too. For example, “time” could be used as a verb to mean “measure or fix the time of some action or movement” (测时；定时).
Please time how long it takes me to do two lengths of the pool.  请测一下我在泳池内游一个来回需要多长时间。
 

 Language Point 2    
 
A succession of scientific studies of animals implies that physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning. (Para. 1)
Meaning: A number of scientific studies of animals indicates that physical activity has a good effect on the function of the brain. 
 

 Language Point 3    
 
A succession of scientific studies… (Para. 1)
succession: n.
1) a number of persons or things following one after the other
He took a succession of jobs from which he got much experience. 他做过很多工作，从中获取了很多经验。
A succession of things of the same kind is a number of them that exist or happen one after the other. 一连串同类的事是指一件接一件发生的许多事。
2) the act of following one after the other
His words came out in quick succession. 他一口气说出一串话。
Our school has won the speech contest for the third year in succession. 我们学校连续第三年获得演讲比赛第一名。
 

 Language Point 4    
 
A succession of scientific studies of animals implies… (Para. 1) 
imply: vt. suggest; indicate; express indirectly
His manner implies that he would like to come with us. 他的行为表明他愿意和我们一起走。
Are you implying that I am the one to blame? 你是说这是我的责任？
What’s the implied meaning of the sentence? 这个句子有什么含义？ 
 

 Language Point 5    
 
It's clear that the brain benefits from exercise, … (Para. 2) 
Meaning: It's clear that exercise helps the brain function better, … 
 

 Language Point 6    
 
…the brain benefits from exercise… (Para. 2)
benefit from: (also benefit by) gain advantages, pleasure, or profit from sth.
Did you benefit from your holiday? 度假对你有好处吗？
I think the boy would benefit by further study. 我想继续学习会对孩子有好处。
Both sides benefit from the talk. 双方都从谈话中获益。
 

 Language Point 7    
 
His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity: vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists, may make the brain better able to process information. (Para. 2) 
Meaning: He has made experiments with rats and got evidence to show that there are two main effects of activity. The first is that intense physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel. The second is that exercise based on skills helps the brain establish connections and therefore, according to some scientists, process information better.
 

 Language Point 8    
 
His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity… (Para. 2) 
rat: n. any of several types of long-tailed animal related to but larger than the mouse
do a lab experiment with rats 在实验室用老鼠做实验 
 

 Language Point 9    
 
His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity… (Para. 2)
primary: a.
1) chief; main
A primary cause of Tom’s failure is his laziness. 汤姆失败的主要原因是懒惰。
That’s the primary reason for the failure of the business. 这是这次生意失败的主要原因。
The family continues to be the primary source of care and comfort for people, as they grow older. 随着年龄的增长，家庭依然是人们得到关爱和舒适的主要源泉。
2) (of education or a school) for children between 5 and 11 years old
a primary school 小学
primary education 初等教育
primary pupils 小学生
primary teachers 小学教师
3) earliest in time or order of development
primary colour 原色（指红、黄、蓝三色之一）
The primary meaning of this word isn't used now, but you can look it up in a big dictionary. 这个词最初的意思如今已经不用了，但你还能在大词典里查到。
 

 Language Point 10    
 
…vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel... (Para. 2)
vigorous: a. powerful; strong; healthy and active
He is more vigorous than skillful. 与其说他技术娴熟，还不如说他是精力充沛。
Very vigorous exercise can increase the risk of heart attacks. 活动太剧烈可能增加心脏病发作的危险。
This kind of dance is vigorous and demands energy. 这种舞强烈有力，需要体力。
They will take vigorous action to recover their losses. 他们会采取有力的措施来挽回损失。
 

 Language Point 11    
 
…and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain… (Para. 2) 
skill-based exercise: exercise that emphasizes skills, such as fencing and shooting
 

 Language Point 12    
 
…and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain… (Para. 2) 
formation: n. the shaping or development of sth.
Her front teeth were irregular in formation. 她的门牙长得不整齐。
They believe that school life has a great influence on the formation of a child's character. 他们认为学校生活对孩子的性格形成影响很大。
 

 Language Point 13    
 
…which, according to the proposals of some scientists, may make the brain better able to process information. (Para. 2) 
proposal: n.
1) a plan or suggestion offered
peace proposals 和平提议
His proposal to the committee was turned down. 他给委员会的提议被否决了。
The President is to put forward new proposals for resolving the country's crisis in its political situation. 总统将提出新的建议，解决该国的政治危机。
2) the act of proposing
Everyone stood respectfully during the proposal of the king's health. 向国王祝贺时，人们都恭恭敬敬地站着。
3) an offer of marriage
She refused his proposal. 她拒绝了他的求婚。
 

 Language Point 14    
 
In one experiment, laboratory rats were separated into three groups. (Para. 3) 
laboratory: n. (often shortened to lab) a building or room in which a scientist works, with apparatus for the examination and testing of materials
language laboratory 语言实验室 
 

 Language Point 15    
 
One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course, and a third group was inactive. (Para. 3)
Meaning: One group was put to the exercise of running inside a wheel that turns around on its own, a second group improved their skills by running through a difficult course with objects in the way, and a third didn’t do any exercise at all. 
 

 Language Point 16    
 
…in a complicated obstacle course… (Para. 3)
complicated: a. difficult to understand or explain, often containing many closely related parts
a complicated machine 一台复杂的机器
a very complicated voting system 一种非常复杂的选举制度
The situation in the Middle East is very complicated. 中东的局势极其复杂。
 

 Language Point 17    
 
…in a complicated obstacle course… (Para. 3) 
obstacle course: a training course in which runners have to climb over or cross various objects that are designed to test their fitness and strength
obstacle: n. an object that makes movement, going forward or action more difficult
Most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle. 多数参赛的车碰到障碍就只有翻车的份了。
He left the horse to run its own way around the obstacles. 他让马自己绕着障碍跑。
To succeed, you must learn to overcome obstacles. 要成功，你得学会克服困难。
 

 Language Point 18    
 
The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections… (Para. 4)
exhibit: vt. show in public, as for sale , or in a competition
He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry. 他表现出来的症状为焦虑和极度不安。
The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September. 九月份，经济继续显示出下滑的势态。
His work was exhibited in America, Europe and Asia. 他的作品在美洲、欧洲和亚洲展览过。
 

 Language Point 19    
 
In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals. (Para. 4)
Meaning: Different from the second and third groups, the first group that ran inside the automatic wheel had more densely connected blood vessels in the brain than either of the other two groups.
 
 

 Language Point 20    
 
In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain… (Para. 4) 
in contrast: (also by contrast) being different from sth.
In contrast, the lives of girls in well-to-do families were often well sheltered. 相比之下，家境富有的女孩生活常常很有保障。
The rich people, by contrast, have more money to spend. 与之相比，富人有更多的钱花。
 

 Language Point 21    
 
In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain… (Para. 4)
density: n. the quality of being closely packed or crowded together
population density 人口密度
areas with high densities of immigrant population 移民人口密度大的地区
 

 Language Point 22    
 
Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can. (Para.5) 
Meaning: Learning a language can improve the brain, and so can learning a new dance step.
 

 Language Point 23    
 
Learning a new dance step may boost the brain… (Para. 5) 
boost: vt. help to advance or improve
We need a holiday to boost our spirits. 我们需要休个假来振作精神。
The government is hoped to take action to boost the economy. 人们希望政府采取行动改善经济。
n. increase; improvement; growth
It would get the economy going and give us the boost that we need. 它会推动经济，带来我们需要的增长。
 

 Language Point 24    
 
And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well, the benefits multiply. (Para. 5)
multiply: v. increase by times, for example, to double or to quadruple; be many times greater
Her husband multiplies his demands on her time. 她丈夫对她的时间要求得越来越多。
What do you get if you multiply six by nine? 6乘9等于多少？
 

 Language Point 25    
 
Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young. (Para. 5) 
This is a rather long sentence. Please note its grammatical structure. “Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise” is the object of the verb “suggested”. The subject is “another of Greenough's experiments”. The clause “that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats” modifies “experiments”, while the clause “that had been exercised when very young” modifies “rats”. 
 

 Language Point 26    
 
And while animals aren't people, he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans. (Para. 5) 
Meaning: He says that it is reasonable to draw the conclusion that effects found in rats may also be found in human beings although animals are not people. 
 

 Language Point 27    
 
…he says it is logical to make the inference that… (Para. 5) 
logical: a. according to the rules of logic or reason
If the climate gets drier, then the logical conclusion is that even more drought will occur. 如果气候越来越干燥，那么必然的结果就是会有更严重的干旱。
He was unwilling to admit that the logical outcome could be a company reduced in size. 他不愿承认必然的结果是公司规模变小。
 

 Language Point 28    
 
…he says it is logical to make the inference that… (Para. 5) 
inference: n.
1) the meaning or conclusion which one draws from sth. done, said, etc.
There were two inferences to be drawn from her letter. 从她的信里得出了两条推断。
He never arrives on time, and my inference is that he feels the meetings are useless. 他从不准时到会，我的推断是他认为这些会议没有用。
2) the act of drawing conclusions about sth. based on the information that one already has
It had an extremely tiny head and, by inference, a tiny brain. 它的头非常小，由此可推断它的大脑也很小。
 

 Language Point 29    
 
…that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans. (Para. 5) 
apply to:
1) have an effect on
This part of the new law does not apply to Scotland. 新法律的这一部分不适用于苏格兰。
We have to apply the same rules to everyone, showing no favour. 我们须将相同的规定用于每个人，不要有偏袒。
2) make a formal request to
You must apply to the general manager for an increase in pay. 你必须向总经理申请才能获得加薪。
How many universities have you applied to? 你向多少大学发了申请？
 

 Language Point 30    
 
Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information. (Para. 6) 
Meaning: Studies of men have been carried out mainly on old people and they suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed of the brain's processing of information. 
 

 Language Point 31    
 
Human studies have focused primarily on older adults… (Para. 6)
primarily: ad. mainly
This book is aimed primarily at computer science. 本书论述的主要是计算机科学。
The flight was delayed primarily because of the fogs.该航班推迟主要是因为有雾。
 

 Language Point 32    
 
Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrated… (Para. 6) 
measurement: n. the act of measuring; an amount obtained by measuring
Measurement of blood pressure can be undertaken by practice nurses. 量血压可由实习护佳节又重阳士来做。
These measurements are very accurate. 这些测量数据非常准确。
 

 Language Point 33    
 
…that inactive adults, aged 63 to 82, could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. (Para. 6) 
in response to: as an answer to
He went to open the door in response to a knock. 听到有人敲门，他走过去开门。
A meeting was called in response to his proposal. 应他的提议，召开了一次会议。
 

 Language Point 34    
 
…after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. (Para.6)
Meaning: …after they completed a water exercise course of 10 weeks. 
 

 Language Point 35    
 
… after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. (Para.6) 
go through: pass or complete (a stage, task, etc.)
I have to go through the final examination before I can leave school. 我得通过期末考试后才能离校。
Your suggestion has to go through several stages. 你的建议得经过几个步骤。
Tom’s book has gone through three printings. 汤姆的书已印了三次。
Has the new law gone through all its stages yet? 新法律通过所有的步骤了吗？
 

 Language Point 36    
 
A corresponding control group that didn't exercise showed no improvement. (Para. 6)
corresponding: a. matching; related
All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities. 所有的权利都带有相应的责任。
The sales this year were up 8 per cent compared with the corresponding period in 2001. 今年的销售比2001年同期增长了8%。 
 

 Language Point 37    
 
This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. (Para. 7) 
Meaning: After exercise training the reaction time may speed up because of a slowing-down in reaction which is connected to getting old and could actually come from a slowing-down in fitness.
 

 Language Point 38    
 
…because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. (Para. 7) 
stem from: originate in; come from
Dependence on alcohol often stems from unhappiness in the home. 对酒精的依赖常常源于家庭不幸福。
Mental illness can stem from being treated improperly in childhood. 精神病可能源于童年时受到的不当对待。
 

 Language Point 39    
 
Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. (Para. 7) 
Meaning: Some scientists think that while getting old is often considered to be the cause for weakening mental function, the real reason for the weakening may be a lack of physical activity, besides improper use of medicines and poor diet. The weakening is the punishment for not keeping physically active.
Notice that the past participial phrase “often attributed to getting old” modifies “reduction”.
 

 Language Point 40    
 
Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old… (Para. 7)
speculate: v. guess
John refused to speculate about the content of the letter. 约翰拒绝猜测信的内容。
The family didn’t want to speculate on the reasons for her suicide. 这家人不愿猜测她自杀的原因。
The doctors speculate that he died of cancer. 医生推测他死于癌症。
The reader can speculate what will happen next. 读者可以推测接下来会发生什么事。
 

 Language Point 41    
 
Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old… (Para. 7) 
reduction: n. making or becoming smaller; the amount taken off in making sth. smaller
a reduction in interest rate 利率降低
This week there is a 30% reduction on all the shoes at that store. 本周那家商店的所有鞋类都降价30%。
Many companies have announced reductions in staff. 许多公司宣布减员。
 

 Language Point 42    
 
Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old… (Para. 7)
attribute to: believe to be the result of sth.
Jim attributes his success to hard work. 吉姆将他的成功归因于努力工作。
Some scientists attribute the poor function of the brain to lack of physical exercise. 有些科学家将大脑功能不佳归因于缺乏体育锻炼。
 

 Language Point 43    
 
…may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active… (Para. 7) 
penalty: n.
1) suffering or loss caused by one’s unwise action or certain condition or state
One of the penalties of fame is that people point at you in the street. 盛名之累之一是在街上遭人指指点点。
Why should I pay the penalty for somebody else’s mistake? 别人的错为何由我来受罚？
2) punishment for breaking a law, rule, or agreement
penalty kick 点球
penalty goal 罚进的球
One of those arrested would face the death penalty. 被 ** 的人中有一个将被判死刑。
The maximum penalty is up to 7 years imprisonment or an unlimited fine. 最重的惩罚是坐7年牢，或者罚很多的钱。
 

 Language Point 44    
 
In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance… (Para.
important for brain maintenance: important for keeping the brain in good condition
 

 Language Point 45    
 
In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance… (Para.  
maintenance: n. keeping sth. in good condition, by making repairs to and taking care of it
maintenance of a house 维修房子
This summer there is a lot of maintenance work to do on the buildings on the campus. 今年夏天，校园里的建筑要作大量的维修。
The window had been replaced last week during routine maintenance. 窗户在上周的日常维修中给换了。
 

 Language Point 46    
 
…an article reviewing the scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain. (Para.  
scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain: scientific works on activity's effect on the brain 
 

 Language Point 47    
 
…the scientific literature on activity's effect on the brain. (Para.
literature: n. a set of works on a particular subject
a developing literature of social work 有关社会工作的发展文献
This work is documented in the scientific literature. 这篇著作被收录进了科学文献。
 

 Language Point 48    
 
But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from … (Para. 9)
Meaning: But until recently, the academic advantages that one has gained by taking part in sports was thought to come from …
 

 Language Point 49    
 
But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from … (Para. 9) 
academic: a. concerning teaching or studying, esp. in a college or university
academic year 学年
I had enough of academic life. 我过够了学校生活。
Different schools teach different types of courses, from the highly academic to the broadly vocational. 不同学校教不同的课程，从高度学术性的到非常职业性的不等。
 

 Language Point 50    
 
But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from … (Para. 9) 
edge: n. advantage that makes one stronger or more likely to be successful
The three days France have to prepare could give them the edge over England. 法莫道不消魂国人有三天的时间做准备，之后他们能够取得超过英国人的优势。
With excellent production techniques they were able to gain the competitive edge. 凭借极好的生产技术，他们能够取得竞争上的优势。
 

 Language Point 51    
 
…and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise.  (Para. 9)
Meaning: …and the concentrating ability that comes from working off one's excess energy through exercise.
 

 Language Point 52    
 
…and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise.  (Para. 9) 
concentrate: v. direct all one’s thoughts, efforts, and attention towards sth.
I don’t know what's wrong with me today. I can’t concentrate myself in class. 不知道今天是怎么回事，在课堂上我不能集中精力。
If you don’t concentrate more on your work, you’ll be fired. 如果你工作中精力不能再集中一些，你就会被解雇。
 

 Language Point 53    
 
…and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise.  (Para. 9)
burn off steam: get rid of excess energy, or work off bad feelings or strong unhealthy emotions through physical activity
Here “steam” means “power, energy, force, or feelings considered as trapped by self-control”. It doesn’t mean “water in the state of a gas produced by boiling”.
Probably the phrase derives from the set phrase “let off/work off steam” which means “get rid of one’s excess energy, or release one’s strong feelings or emotions with physical activity or by behaving in a noisy or violent way”.
Regular exercise helps to fight against unwanted stress and is a good way of relaxing or letting off steam. 经常锻炼有助于减轻不必要的压力，是一种放松或消除被压抑情绪的好办法。
I was so angry that I worked off steam by taking a walk. 我很生气，于是出去散步，以消除心中的郁闷。
 

 Language Point 54    
 
Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections. (Para. 9)
Meaning: Now, however, some scientists have changed their thoughts; they think that the academic edge gained by participating in sports possibly comes from physical fitness rather than from the increased self-confidence, the better mood, or the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise.
 

 Language Point 55    
 
Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections. (Para. 9) 
revise: v.
1) change (opinions, intentions, etc.) because of new information or more thought
I have to revise my opinion about the profession I'm in. 我得改变对自己从事的这份职业的看法。
I can see I'll have to revise my ideas about my boss — he's rather clever and yet stubborn. 我明白了，我得改变对老板的看法。他挺聪明，但也很固执。
2) study again; review
revise my grammar notes 复习语法笔记
I must revise for the examination. 我得复习准备考试。
3) read through (a piece of writing) carefully, making improvements and correcting mistakes
I'll revise the article before its publication. 发表之前我要修改一下这篇文章。
There is a need to revise the exercise program. 有必要修改锻炼计划。
 

 Language Point 56    
 
Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections. (Para. 9) 
point to: offer (sth.) as proof or explanation
When asked to explain where all the housekeeping money had gone, Mary pointed to the rising prices. 当请她解释养家的钱都到哪里去了时，玛丽说都用于对付物价上涨了。
One need only point to the increase in violence as an example of the fall in moral values in our time. 只需提一提暴力增长，就足以说明我们时代的道德观的堕落。
 

 Language Point 57    
 
…increases the amount of certain brain chemicals that stimulate growth of nerve cells. (Para. 10) 
nerve cells: Please refer to Note 4, Background Information (for Text B)
cell: n. a very small division of living matter, with one center of activity
blood cells 血液细胞
cell walls 细胞壁
Those cells divide and give many other different types of cells. 那些细胞分佳节又重阳裂，产生出许多其他不同的细胞。
 

 Language Point 58    
 
Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges. (Para. 10) 
Meaning: As a result, the brains of physically active people may be more capable of meeting mental challenges.
 

 Language Point 59    
 
Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges. (Para. 10)
consequently: ad. as a result; therefore
The rain was heavy, and consequently the land was flooded. 雨下得很大，以至地上积水成灾。
He had broken his legs in a car accident. Consequently, he spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair. 他在一次交通事故中断了双腿，因此只能在轮椅上度过余生。
 

 Language Point 60    
 
Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges. (Para. 10)
equip: vt. provide with
well-equipped travellers 装备齐全的游客
The room is well equipped. 这房子装备得很好。
The army is equipped with modern weapons. 这支军队配备了现代武器。
 

 Language Point 61    
 
Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges. (Para. 10)
tackle: vt. deal with
The question set by the teacher was so difficult that the pupils didn’t know how to tackle it. 老师提出的这个问题非常难，学生们不知道如何解答。
The computer can tackle the problem when programmed properly. 如果程序编得好，计算机可以解决这个问题。
 

 Language Point 62    
 
Inactivity may also have negative effects on mind and body alike. (Para. 11)
Meaning: Inactivity may also have bad effects on mind and body in the same way.
 

 Language Point 63    
 
Inactivity may also have negative effects on mind and body alike. (Para. 11) 
alike: ad. in the same way; equally
A teacher should treat all his students alike. 老师应该同等对待所有的学生。
Some people think that men and women think alike. 有些人认为男女的思维方式一样。
The techniques are being applied almost everywhere by big and small companies alike. 无论在哪里，大大小小的公司都用这一技术。
a. being almost the same in appearance, quality, character, etc.; like one another
The two brothers are very much alike. 两兄弟长得很像。
You two are more alike than I thought. 你们俩长得比我想像的还像。
 

 Language Point 64    
 
“Scientists recognize that mind is body, and body is mind,” comments Howard. (Para. 11) 
comment: v. give an opinion about or an explanation for
The police refuse to comment on whether anyone has been arrested. 警薄雾浓云愁永昼察拒绝评论是否有人被捕。
So far, the chairman has not commented on the report I submitted to him. 到目前为止，主人比黄花瘦席还没有评论我递交给他的报告。
You really can't comment until you know the facts. 不知实情莫开口。
 

 Language Point 65    
 
The most beneficial forms of exercise, he says, engage both. (Para. 11) 
beneficial: a. helpful; good for someone
These vitamins are beneficial to our health. 这些维他命对我们的健康有益。
Using computers has a beneficial effect on children's learning. 使用计算机对孩子们的学习有良好的作用。
Students should be encouraged to participate in physical activities, for they are beneficial not only to their bodies but also to their minds. 应该鼓励学生参加体育锻炼，因为锻炼不仅有益于他们的身体，还有益于他们的心智。
 

运动有奇效吗？

    正如运动能强心、健肺、固骨、壮肌，运动也能健脑。 对动物的一系列科学研究表明，体育活动对智力的发挥有积极作用。
    伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-尚佩恩分校的脑科学家威廉·格里诺说，"很明显，运动使大脑受益。" 他对老鼠的研究已经表明运动具有两大功效：强力体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料，而技巧性的运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。
    在一个实验中，实验鼠被分成三组： 第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能，第三组则不做任何运动。
    "与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比，经过越障训练的老鼠脑神经联结数更多。" 格里诺说， "相比之下，在自动轮中跑动的老鼠，较之其他两组的老鼠，其大脑的血管密度更大。"
    他说，学习一种新的舞步和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。 如果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍。 据格里诺的另一组实验显示，年轻的大脑尤其能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验表明，从小就锻炼的老鼠，其大脑的变化最为显著。 他说尽管动物不是人，但依此推断在老鼠身上发现的功效同样适用于人也合乎逻辑。
    对人类的研究主要集中在老年人身上，其结果表明，经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度。 伊利诺伊大学阿瑟·克雷默测量的结果证明，63至82岁的不运动的成年人，在完成为期十周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反应加快了。 而另一组相应的、未经锻炼的受控人群则不见任何提高。
    接受运动训练之后，人的反应速度会加快，这可能是因为与衰老有关的机能衰退实际上根源于体质下降。 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等相关因素外，常常归咎于衰老的大脑功能下降实际可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。
    亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔·M. 兰德斯说，"对老年人来说，锻炼计划对维持大脑功能似乎非常重要。" 他最近发表了一篇文章，评述有关运动对大脑的影响的科学文献。
    许多研究表明，经常进行体育锻炼的孩子，在学业上比他们那些不活动的同学优秀。 但直到最近，人们还认为因参加体育运动而获得的学业优势来自于增强的自信、更好的心态，以及由运动时消耗体力所带来的集中注意力的能力。 而现在，一些科学家修正了他们的看法，表示这可能与身体状况有关。
    另一名专家皮尔斯·J. 霍华德说，新的研究表明，体育锻炼提高了大脑中某些激发神经细胞生长的脑化学物质的含量。 因此，那些进行锻炼的人的大脑可能更有能力应付各种智力挑战。
    不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响。 "科学家们都认识到，心即是身，身即是心，"霍华德评价道。 他说，最有益的运动是身心兼顾。